S. 1478

119th CONGRESS 1st Session

To provide the United States Government with additional tools to deter state and non-state actors from wrongfully detaining United States nationals for political leverage, and for other purposes.

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES · April 10, 2025 · Sponsor: Mr. Risch · Committee: Committee on Foreign Relations

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.

(a) Short title
- This Act may be cited as the Countering Wrongful Detention Act of 2025.
- Short title
(b) Table of contents

TITLE I—Deterring and preventing unlawful or wrongful detention

The Robert Levinson Hostage Recovery and Hostage-Taking Accountability Act () is amended by inserting after section 306 the following: 22 U.S.C. 1741 et seq.

(a) In general
- Subject to the notice requirement of subsection (c)(1)(A), the Secretary of State, in consultation with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, may designate a foreign country that has provided support for or directly engaged in the unlawful or wrongful detention of a United States national as a State Sponsor of Unlawful or Wrongful Detention based on any of the following criteria:
  - The unlawful or wrongful detention of a United States national occurs in the foreign country.
  - The government of the foreign country or an entity organized under the laws of a foreign country has failed to release an unlawfully or wrongfully detained United States national within 30 days of being officially notified by the Department of State of the unlawful or wrongful detention.
  - Actions taken by the government of the foreign country indicate that the government is responsible for, complicit in, or materially supports the unlawful or wrongful detention of a United States national, including by acting as described in paragraph (2) after having been notified by the Department of State.
  - The actions of a state or nonstate actor in the foreign country, including any previous action relating to unlawful or wrongful detention or hostage taking of a United States national, pose a risk to the safety and security of United States nationals abroad sufficient to warrant designation of the foreign country as a State Sponsor of Unlawful or Wrongful Detention, as determined by the Secretary.
(b) Termination of designation
- The Secretary of State may terminate the designation of a foreign country under subsection (a) if the Secretary certifies to Congress that the government of the foreign country—
  - has released the United States nationals unlawfully or wrongfully detained within the territory of the foreign country;
  - has positively contributed to the release of United States nationals taken hostage within the territory of the foreign country or from the custody of a nonstate entity;
  - has demonstrated changes in leadership or policies with respect to unlawful or wrongful detention and hostage taking; or
  - has provided assurances that the government of the foreign country will not engage or be complicit in or support acts described in subsection (a).
(c) Briefing and reports to Congress; publication
- (1) Reports to Congress
  - (A) In general
    - Not later than 7 days prior to making a designation of a foreign country as a State Sponsor of Unlawful or Wrongful Detention under subsection (a), the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report that notifies the committees of the proposed designation.
  - (B) Elements
    - In each report submitted under subparagraph (A) with respect to the designation of a foreign country as a State Sponsor of Unlawful or Wrongful Detention, the Secretary shall include—
      - (i) the justification for the designation; and
      - (ii) a description of any action taken by the United States Government, including the Secretary of State or the head of any other relevant Federal agency, in response to the designation to deter the unlawful or wrongful detention or hostage-taking of foreign nationals in the country.
- (2) Initial briefing required
  - Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this section, the Secretary shall brief Congress on the following:
    - Whether any of the following countries should be designated as a State Sponsor of Unlawful or Wrongful Detention under subsection (a):
      - (i) Afghanistan.
      - (ii) Eritrea.
      - (iii) The Islamic Republic of Iran.
      - (iv) The People's Republic of China.
      - (v) The Russian Federation.
      - (vi) The Syrian Arab Republic or any transitional government therein.
      - (vii) Venezuela under the regime of Nicolás Maduro.
      - (viii) The Republic of Belarus.
    - The steps taken by the Secretary and the heads of other relevant Federal agencies to deter the unlawful and wrongful detention of United States nationals and to respond to such detentions, including—
      - (i) any engagement with private sector companies to optimize the distribution of travel advisories; and
      - (ii) any engagement with private companies responsible for promoting travel to foreign countries engaged in the unlawful or wrongful detention of United States nationals.
    - An assessment of a possible expansion of of title 28, United States Code (commonly known as the ) to include an exception from asset seizure immunity for State Sponsors of Unlawful or Wrongful Detention. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 chapter 97
    - A detailed plan on the manner by which a geographic travel restriction could be instituted against State Sponsors of Unlawful or Wrongful Detention.
    - The progress made in multilateral fora, including the United Nations and other international organizations, to address the unlawful and wrongful detention of United States nationals, in addition to nationals of partners and allies of the United States in foreign countries.
(d) Review of available responses to state sponsors of unlawful or wrongful detention
- Upon designation of a foreign country as a State Sponsor of Unlawful or Wrongful Detention under subsection (a), the Secretary of State, in consultation with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall conduct a comprehensive review of the use of existing authorities to respond to and deter the unlawful or wrongful detention of United States nationals in the foreign country, including—
  - sanctions available under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (); 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.
  - visa restrictions available under section 7031(c) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2024 (division F of ; note) or any other provision of Federal law; Public Law 118–47; 8 U.S.C. 1182
  - sanctions available under the Immigration and Nationality Act (); 8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.
  - imposition of a geographic travel restriction on citizens of the United States;
  - restrictions on assistance provided to the government of the country under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 () or any other provision of Federal law; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.
  - restrictions on the export of certain goods to the country under the Arms Export Control Act (), the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (), or any other Federal law; and 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.; 50 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.
  - designating the government of the country as a government that has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism pursuant to—
    - section 1754(c)(1)(A)(i) of the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (); 50 U.S.C. 4813(c)(1)(A)(i)
    - section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (); 22 U.S.C. 2371
    - section 40(d) of the Arms Export Control Act (); or 22 U.S.C. 2780(d)
    - any other provision of law.
(e) Appropriate committees of Congress defined
- In this paragraph, the term appropriate committees of Congress means—
  - the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and
  - the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.
(f) Rule of Construction
- Nothing in this section shall be construed to imply that the United States Government formally recognizes any particular country or the government of such country as legitimate.

Sec. 102. Required certification regarding international travel advisories.

(a) In general
- of title 49, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new section: Chapter 423
  - (a) In general
    - An air carrier, foreign air carrier, or ticket agent who sells, in the United States, a ticket for foreign air transportation of a passenger to a country or other geographic area with a or indicator issued by the Department of State Travel Advisory System shall require the passenger listed on the ticket to certify that the passenger— K
    - In general
      - has reviewed the travel advisory of the Department of State applicable to such country or other geographic area; and
      - understands the risks involved with traveling to such country or other geographic area.
  - (b) Definitions
    - For purposes of this section:
      - The term [object Object] means a travel advisory issued by the Department of State that indicates a risk of wrongful detention of a United States national.
      - The term [object Object] means a travel advisory issued by the Department of State that indicates a criminal or terrorist individual or group has threatened to seize, detain, kill, or injure individuals (or has seized, detained, killed, or injured individuals) to compel a third party (including a governmental organization) to meet certain requirements as a condition of release.
(b) Clerical amendment
- The analysis for of title 49, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating to the following: chapter 423; section 42308
  - 42309. Required certification regarding international travel advisories.
  - 1. Required certification regarding international travel advisories.

TITLE II—Strengthening processes and services for hostages and unlawful or wrongful detainees

Sec. 201. Advisory Council on Hostage Taking and Unlawful or Wrongful Detention.

The Robert Levinson Hostage Recovery and Hostage-Taking Accountability Act (), as amended by section 101, is further amended by inserting after section 305B the following: 22 U.S.C. 1741 et seq.

(a) Establishment
- The President shall establish an advisory council, to be known as the (in this section referred to as the ), to advise the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, the Hostage Response Group, and the Hostage Recovery Fusion Cell with respect to Federal policies regarding hostage-taking and unlawful or wrongful detention. ``Advisory Council on Hostage Taking and Unlawful or Wrongful Detention
(b) Membership
- (1) In general
  - The President shall invite individuals to the Advisory Council, which shall be comprised of—
    - United States nationals who have been unlawfully or wrongfully detained or taken hostage abroad;
    - family members of such United States nationals; and
    - not fewer than 2 experts on areas including hostage-taking, wrongful detention, international relations, rule of law, and counterterrorism who have been recommended by the Secretary of State.
- (2) Terms
  - The term of a member of the Advisory Council shall be 3 years.
- (3) Compensation and travel expenses
  - A member of the Advisory Council shall not be considered a Federal employee and shall not be compensated for service on the Advisory Council, but may be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, in accordance with subchapter I of of title 5, United States Code. chapter 57
(c) Annual reports
- Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this section, and annually thereafter, the Advisory Council shall submit to the President and the appropriate congressional committees a report setting forth the recommendations of the Advisory Council.
(d) Termination
- The Advisory Council shall terminate on the date that is 10 years after the date of the enactment of this section.

(a) In general
- Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall submit to Congress a report on the following:
  - The Hostage Response Group established pursuant to section 305(a) of the Robert Levinson Hostage Recovery and Hostage-Taking Accountability Act (). 22 U.S.C. 1741c(a)
  - The Hostage Recovery Fusion Cell established pursuant to section 304(a) of that Act (). 22 U.S.C. 1741b(a)
  - The Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs established pursuant to section 303(a) of that Act (). 22 U.S.C. 1741a(a)
(b) Elements
- The report required by subsection (a) shall include—
  - a description of the existing structure of each component listed in subsection (a);
  - recommendations on how the components can be improved, including through reorganization or consolidation of the components; and
  - cost efficiencies on the components listed in subsection (a), including resources available to eligible former wrongful detainees and hostages and their family members.

(3) Annual briefing

Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this section, and annually thereafter for 5 years, the Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs and the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs shall brief the appropriate committees of Congress with respect to unlawful or wrongful detentions taking place in the countries listed under paragraph (2)(A) and actions taken by the Secretary of State and the heads of other relevant Federal agencies to deter the wrongful detention of United States nationals, including any steps taken in accordance with paragraph (2)(B).

(4) Publication

The Secretary shall make available on a publicly accessible website of the Department of State, and regularly update, a list of foreign countries designated as State Sponsors of Unlawful or Wrongful Detention under subsection (a).