H.R. 5349

119th CONGRESS 1st Session

To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to improve services provided to taxpayers by the Internal Revenue Service by providing greater judicial review.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES · September 15, 2025 · Sponsor: Mr. Moran · Committee: Committee on Ways and Means

Table of contents

• H.R. 5349
  • Sec. 1. Short title; etc.
  • Sec. 2. Authorization of subpoenas before hearings to facilitate settlements.
  • Sec. 3. Authorization of special trial judges to hear additional cases and address contempt.
  • Sec. 4. Disqualification of judges and special trial judges.
  • Sec. 5. Clarification of Tax Court jurisdiction to apply equitable tolling in deficiency cases.

Sec. 1. Short title; etc.

• (a) Short title
  • This Act may be cited as the Tax Court Improvement Act.
• (b) Amendment of 1986 code
  • Except as otherwise expressly provided, whenever in this Act an amendment is expressed in terms of an amendment to a section or other provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to a section or other provision of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
• (c) References to Secretary
  • For purposes of this Act, the term Secretary means the Secretary of the Treasury or the Secretary’s delegate.
• (d) Table of contents
  • The table of contents of this Act is as follows:
  • Table of contents
  • Sec. 1. Short title; etc.
  • Sec. 2. Authorization of subpoenas before hearings to facilitate settlements.
  • Sec. 3. Authorization of special trial judges to hear additional cases and address contempt.
  • Sec. 4. Disqualification of judges and special trial judges.
  • Sec. 5. Clarification of Tax Court jurisdiction to apply equitable tolling in deficiency cases.

Sec. 2. Authorization of subpoenas before hearings to facilitate settlements.

is amended to read as follows: Section 7456(a)

• (a) In general
  • (1) Administration of oaths
    • For the efficient administration of the functions vested in the Tax Court or any division thereof, any judge or special trial judge, the clerk or the clerk’s deputies, as such, or any other employee of the Tax Court designated in writing for the purpose by the chief judge, may administer oaths or affirmations.
  • (2) Subpoena authority
    • Any judge or special trial judge may examine witnesses and require, by subpoena ordered by the Tax Court or any division thereof and signed by the judge or special trial judge (or by the clerk of the Tax Court or by any other employee of the Tax Court when acting as deputy clerk), any of the following:
      • The attendance of parties or witnesses.
      • The production of books, papers, documents, electronically stored information, or tangible things from any place in the United States by any party or witness having custody or control thereof for purposes of discovery or for use of the things produced as evidence in accordance with the rules and orders of the Tax Court.
    • Any such subpoena shall be issued and served, and compliance therewith shall be compelled, as provided in the rules and orders of the Tax Court.
  • (3) Depositions
    • Pursuant to rules and orders of the Court, the deposition of a witness may be taken before any designated individual competent to administer oaths under this title. Any deposition testimony shall be reduced to writing by the individual taking the deposition, or under such individual’s direction, and shall be subscribed by the deponent.

Sec. 3. Authorization of special trial judges to hear additional cases and address contempt.

• (a) Consent to assignment
  • is amended by striking at the end of paragraph (6), by redesignating paragraph (7) as paragraph (8), and by inserting after paragraph (6) the following new paragraph: Section 7443A(b)
    • upon the consent of the parties, and pursuant to rules promulgated by the Tax Court, any proceeding not described in paragraphs (1) through (6), and
• (b) Authorizing special trial judge
  • is amended by striking or (6)and inserting (6), or (7). Section 7443A(c)
• (c) Contempt authority
  • is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: Section 7443A
    • (f) Incidental powers
      • A special trial judge appointed under this section shall have the power to punish for contempt of the authority of the Tax Court as provided in section 7456(c), except the sentence imposed by such a special trial judge for any contempt shall not exceed the penalties for a Class C misdemeanor as set forth in sections 3571(b)(6) and 3581(b)(8) of title 18, United States Code. This subsection shall not be construed to limit the authority of a special trial judge to order sanctions under any other statute or any rule of the Tax Court prescribed pursuant to section 7453.
• (d) Effective date
  • The amendment made by subsections (a) and (b) shall take effect on the date the United States Tax Court adopts rules implementing the consent procedures of section 7443A.

Sec. 4. Disqualification of judges and special trial judges.

• (a) In general
  • Part II of subchapter C of is amended by adding at the end the following new section: chapter 76
    • Section 455 of title 28, United States Code, shall apply to judges, special trial judges, and proceedings of the Tax Court.
• (b) Clerical amendment
  • Sec. 7467. Disqualification of judge or special trial judge.
  • Sec. 7467. Disqualification of judge or special trial judge.
  • The table of sections for such part is amended by adding at the end the following new item:

Sec. 5. Clarification of Tax Court jurisdiction to apply equitable tolling in deficiency cases.

• (a) In general
  • is amended to read as follows: Section 7451(b)
  • In general
    • (b) Tolling of time
      • (1) In general
        • The Tax Court shall have jurisdiction to toll the period for filing a petition under section 6213(a) in cases in which the Tax Court determines based on the facts and circumstances that equity warrants such tolling.
      • (2) Rules for inaccessible filing locations
        • (A) In general
          • Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, in any case (including by reason of a lapse in appropriations) in which a filing location is inaccessible or otherwise unavailable to the general public on the date a petition is due, the relevant time period for filing such petition shall be tolled for the number of days within the period of inaccessibility plus an additional 14 days.
          • In general
        • (B) Filing location
          • For purposes of this paragraph, the term filing location means—
            • (i) the office of the clerk of the Tax Court, or
            • (ii) any on-line portal made available by the Tax Court for electronic filing of petitions.
• (b) Conforming amendment
  • is amended— Section 7459(d)
    • by striking and inserting the following:
      • (1) In general
        • If a petition
      • (2) Exception
        • Paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to any dismissal which is solely based on a determination of the Tax Court not to toll the period for filing a petition under section 6213(a).
    • by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
• (c) Effective date
  • The amendments made by this subsection shall apply to filings made after the date of the enactment of this Act.
• (d) No inference
  • The amendment made by subsections (a) shall not be construed to create any inference with respect to the jurisdiction of the Tax Court with respect to any petition filed on or before the date of the enactment of this Act.