H.R. 4235

119th CONGRESS 1st Session

To clarify the Holocaust Expropriated Art Recovery Act of 2016, to appropriately limit the application of defenses based on the passage of time and other non-merits defenses to claims under that Act.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES · June 27, 2025 · Sponsor: Ms. Lee of Florida · Committee: Committee on the Judiciary

Table of contents

• H.R. 4235
  • SEC. 1. Holocaust Expropriated Art Recovery Act of 2016 improvements

SEC. 1. Holocaust Expropriated Art Recovery Act of 2016 improvements

• Holocaust Expropriated Art Recovery Act of 2016 improvements
• (a) In general
  • The Holocaust Expropriated Art Recovery Act of 2016 ( note) is amended— 22 U.S.C. 1621
  • In general
    • in section 2—
      • by redesignating paragraph (8) as paragraph (10);
        • The intent of this Act is to permit claims to recover Nazi-looted art to be brought, notwithstanding the passage of time since World War II. Some courts have frustrated the intent of this Act by dismissing recovery lawsuits in reliance on defenses based on the passage of time, such as laches (for example, Zuckerman v Metropolitan Museum of Art, 928 F.3d 186 (2d Cir. 2019)) or adverse possession, acquisitive prescription, or usucapion (for example, Cassirer v. Thyssen-Bornemisza Foundation, 89 F.4th 1226 (9th Cir. 2024)) or on other non-merits discretionary defenses, such as the act of state doctrine (for example, Von Saher v Norton Simon Museum, 897 F.3d 1141 (9th Cir. 2018)), forum non-conveniens, international comity, or prudential exhaustion. In order to effectuate the purpose of the Act to permit claims to recover Nazi-looted art to be resolved on the merits, these defenses must be precluded.
        • This Act also is intended to allow claims in accordance with the procedures under this Act for the recovery of artwork or other property lost during the covered period because of Nazi persecution, regardless of the nationality or citizenship of the alleged victim, notwithstanding the rule under Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp, 592 U.S. 169 (2021). domestic takings
      • by inserting after paragraph (7) the following:
      • in paragraph (10), as so redesignated, by striking will yield just and fair resolutions in a more efficient and predictable mannerand inserting may, in some circumstances, yield just and fair resolutions as well;
    • in section 3(2), by inserting after ;
    • in section 5—
      • by striking subsection (g);
      • by redesignating subsections (e) and (f) as subsections (h) and (i), respectively;
      • by redesignating subsections (b), (c), and (d) as subsections (c), (d), and (e), respectively;
        • (b) Relation to foreign state immunities
          • Notwithstanding any other law or prior judicial decision, any civil claim or cause of action covered by subsection (a) shall be deemed to be an action in which rights in violation of international law are in issue for purposes of 1605(a)(3) of title 28, United States Code, without regard to the nationality or citizenship of the alleged victim.
      • by inserting after subsection (a) the following:
      • in subsection (d), as so redesignated, in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking subsection (e)and inserting subsection (h);
      • in subsection (e), as so redesignated—
        • (i) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking Subsection (a)and inserting Subsections (a), (b), (f), and (g); and
        • (ii) in paragraph (2), by striking during the periodand all that follows and inserting on or after the date of enactment of this Act.; and
        • (f) Defenses based on passage of time and other non-Merits defenses
          • With respect to any claim that is otherwise timely under this Act—
            • all defenses or substantive doctrines based on the passage of time, including laches, adverse possession, acquisitive prescription, and usucapion, may not be applied with respect to the claim; and
            • all non-merits discretionary bases for dismissal, including the act of state doctrine, international comity, forum non-conveniens, prudential exhaustion, and similar doctrines unrelated to the merits, may not be applied with respect to the claim.
        • (g) Nationwide service of process
          • For a civil action brought under subsection (a) in any State or Federal court, process may be served in the judicial district where the case is brought or any other judicial district of the United States where the defendant may be found, resides, has an agent, or transacts business.
      • by inserting after subsection (e), as so redesignated, the following:
      • If any provision of this Act, or the application of a provision of this Act to any person or circumstance, is held invalid, the remainder of this Act, and the application of such provision to other persons and circumstances, shall not be affected thereby.
    • by adding at the end the following:
• (b) Applicability
  • The amendments made by subsection (a) shall apply with respect to any civil claim or cause of action that is—
    • pending in any court on the date of enactment of this Act, including any civil claim or cause of action that is pending on appeal or for which the time to file an appeal has not expired; or
    • filed on or after the date of enactment of this Act.