((a)) ** .—** At the request of the Secretary, the Attorney General may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States to enforce this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order, special permit, or approval issued under this chapter. The court may award appropriate relief, including a temporary or permanent injunction, punitive damages, and assessment of civil penalties considering the same penalty amounts and factors as prescribed for the Secretary in an administrative case under section 5123.

((b)) ** .—**

((1)) If the Secretary has reason to believe that an imminent hazard exists, the Secretary may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States—

((A)) to suspend or restrict the transportation of the hazardous material responsible for the hazard; or

((B)) to eliminate or mitigate the hazard.

((2)) On request of the Secretary, the Attorney General shall bring an action under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

((c)) ** .—**

((1)) If any owner, operator, or individual in charge of a vessel is liable for a civil penalty under or for a fine under , or if reasonable cause exists to believe that such owner, operator, or individual in charge may be subject to such a civil penalty or fine, the Secretary of Homeland Security, upon the request of the Secretary, shall with respect to such vessel refuse or revoke any clearance required by .

((2)) Clearance refused or revoked under this subsection may be granted upon the filing of a bond or other surety satisfactory to the Secretary.