Text of Senate Amendment 5977

Quick facts

Record: Senate Floor
Section type: Amendments
Chamber: Senate
Date: June 23, 2026
Congress: 119th Congress
Why this source matters: This section came from the Senate floor portion of the record.

Readable version of the official text

SA 5977. Mr. MORENO (for himself and Ms. Slotkin) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

At the end of division A, add the following:

TITLE XVII—CONNECTED VEHICLE SECURITY ACT OF 2026

SEC. 1701. SHORT TITLE.

This title may be cited as the “Connected Vehicle Security

Act of 2026”.

SEC. 1702. DEFINITIONS.

In this title:

(1) Automated driving system.—The term “automated driving

system” means hardware and software that, collectively, are

capable of performing the entire dynamic driving task for a

connected vehicle on a sustained basis, without human

intervention, regardless of whether it is limited to a

specific operational design domain.

(2) Connected vehicle.—

(A) In general.—Except as provided by subparagraph (B),

the term “connected vehicle” means a vehicle driven or

drawn by mechanical power and manufactured primarily for use

on public streets, roads, and highways, that—

(i)(I) integrates onboard networked hardware with

automotive software systems to communicate, at a radio

frequency over 450 megahertz, via dedicated short-range

communication, cellular telecommunications connectivity,

satellite communication, or other wireless spectrum

connectivity with any other network or device; or

(II) is designed, manufactured, or originally equipped to

communicate as described in clause (i), regardless of whether

such capability is enabled, disabled, or removed at the time

of importation, manufacture, sale, resale, or introduction of

the vehicle into interstate commerce in the United States;

and

(ii) has a gross vehicle weight rating of 4,536 kilograms

(10,000 pounds) or less.

(B) Exclusion.—The term “connected vehicle” does not

include a vehicle operated only on a rail line.

(3) Covered country.—The term “covered country” means—

(A) the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea;

(B) the People's Republic of China;

(D) the Islamic Republic of Iran.

(4) Covered software.—

(A) In general.—The term “covered software”—

(i) means the software-based components installed in or on

a connected vehicle, or designed to be installed in or on a

connected vehicle, including application, middleware, and

system software, executed by the primary processing unit or

units of an item that directly enables the function of a

vehicle connectivity system or automated driving system at

the vehicle level; and

(ii) includes any machine-learning model or other

artificial intelligence component that directly enables, at

the vehicle level, decision-making or control of an automated

driving system.

(B) Exclusion.—The term “covered software” does not

include open-source software, except to the extent that such

software has been modified, adapted, customized, integrated,

distributed, maintained, or otherwise incorporated into a

software product by, on behalf of, or under the direction or

control of a foreign entity of concern.

(5) Electric vehicle battery.—The term “electric vehicle

battery” means a rechargeable battery designed to store and

supply electrical energy for the propulsion of a hybrid or

electric vehicle.

(6) Foreign entity of concern.—The term “foreign entity

of concern” means—

(A) any individual, wherever located, who—

(i) acts as an agent, representative, or employee, or acts

in any other capacity at the order, request, or under the

direction or control, of a covered country or of a person

whose activities are directly or indirectly supervised,

directed, controlled, financed, or subsidized in whole or in

majority part by a covered country; or

(ii) is a citizen or resident of a covered country or a

country controlled by a covered country, and is not a United

States citizen or alien lawfully admitted for permanent

residence in the United States; or

(B) an entity—

(i) with a principal place of business in, headquartered

in, incorporated in, or otherwise organized under the laws of

a covered country or a country controlled by a covered

country;

(ii) that is a subsidiary or affiliate of an entity

described in clause (i); or

(iii) wherever organized or doing business, that is owned

or controlled by a covered country, participating in a

partnership or joint venture with an individual described in

subparagraph (A) or an entity described in clause (i), or

subject to other circumstances in which such an individual or

entity, or combination of such individuals or entities,

possesses the power, direct or indirect, whether or not

exercised, through—

(I) ownership of a majority or a dominant minority of the

total outstanding voting or financial interest in the entity,

board representation, proxy voting, a special share,

contractual arrangements, formal or informal arrangements to

act in concert, or other means, to determine, direct, or

decide important matters affecting the entity;

(II) with respect to a manufacturer, developer, designer,

or supplier of a connected vehicle, ownership or control of

more than 15 percent of the total outstanding equity

interest, voting interest, board representation, or other

indicia of control;

(III) with respect to a manufacturer, developer, designer,

or supplier of covered software, ownership or control of more

than 25 percent of the total outstanding equity interest,

voting interest, board representation, or other indicia of

control; or

(IV) with respect to a manufacturer or supplier of vehicle

connectivity system hardware, ownership or control of more

than 25 percent of the total outstanding equity interest,

voting interest, board representation, or other indicia of

control.

(7) Importation.— The term “importation” has the meaning

given the term “import” in section 1001 of the Controlled

Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 951).

(8) Resale.—

(A) In general.—The term “resale”, with respect to a

vehicle, software, or hardware, means the transferring of

ownership of the vehicle, software, or hardware by an

individual or entity that acquired the vehicle, software, or

hardware for the purpose of transfer in the ordinary course

of business, and not for the use of or consumption by the

individual or entity.

(B) Exclusion.—The term “resale” does not include the

transfer of a connected vehicle that was previously titled or

registered to, and used by, a consumer or end-user or was

acquired for bona fide use, lease, or operation by the

individual or entity transferred the vehicle or by a dealer

(as defined in section 30102(a)(2) of title 49, United States

Code).

(9) Secretary.—The term “Secretary” means the Secretary

of Commerce, acting through the Under Secretary of Commerce

for Industry and Security.

(10) Transaction.—The term “transaction”—

(A) means any acquisition, importation, transfer,

installation, dealing in, or use of any vehicle, software, or

hardware subject to a prohibition under section 1703(a),

including ongoing activities, such as managed services, data

transmission, software updates, repairs, or provision of

platform services or data hosting of applications for

consumer download; and

(B) includes—

(i) any other transaction, arrangement, practice, or course

of conduct, the structure or purpose of which is designed or

intended to evade or circumvent this title; and

(ii) a class of transactions.

(11) Vehicle connectivity system.—The term “vehicle

connectivity system” means vehicle connectivity system

hardware or a covered software item installed in or on a

connected vehicle, or designed to be installed in or on a

connected vehicle, that directly enables the function of

transmission, receipt, conversion, or processing of radio

frequency communications at a frequency over 450 megahertz.

(12) Vehicle connectivity system hardware.—

(A) In general.—The term “vehicle connectivity system

hardware”—

(i) means software-enabled or programmable components

that—

(I) are installed in or on a connected vehicle or designed

to be installed in or on a connected vehicle;

(II) are directly connected to a vehicle connectivity

system; and

(III) directly enable the connectivity functions of a

vehicle connectivity system or are part of an item that

directly enables the function of a vehicle connectivity

system; and

(ii) includes—

(I) microcontrollers, microcomputers or modules, systems on

a chip, networking or telematics units, cellular modem/

modules, Wi-Fi microcontrollers or modules, Bluetooth

microcontrollers or modules, satellite communication systems,

other wireless communication microcontrollers or modules,

external antennas, digital signal processors, and field-

programmable gate arrays; and

(II) electronic systems integrated into an electric vehicle

battery that directly enable or control the monitoring,

management, security, or external communication of battery

performance or operation, including any transmitter or

interface component that performs such functions.

(B) Exclusion.—The term “vehicle connectivity system

hardware” does not include component parts that do not

contribute to the connectivity function of vehicle

connectivity system hardware, such as brackets, fasteners,

plastics, passive electronics, diodes, field effect

transistors, and bipolar junction transistors.

SEC. 1703. PROHIBITION ON CONNECTED VEHICLES AND OTHER

TRANSACTIONS THAT THREATEN ECONOMIC OR NATIONAL

SECURITY.

(a) Prohibitions.—

(1) Connected vehicles.—On and after January 1, 2027, the

importation, manufacture, sale, resale, or introduction into

interstate commerce in the United States of a connected

vehicle is prohibited if—

(A) the connected vehicle is designed, developed, or

manufactured in, or supplied from, a covered country, without

regard to whether—

(i) at the time of importation, sale, resale, or

introduction, the vehicle is equipped with any covered

software or vehicle connectivity system hardware subject to a

prohibition under paragraph (2) or (3); or

(ii) any such software or hardware—

(I) is removed from the vehicle before importation, sale,

resale, or introduction; or

(II) will be installed after importation, sale, resale, or

introduction; or

(B) the manufacturer, developer, designer, or supplier of

the connected vehicle is a foreign entity of concern.

(2) Covered software.—The integration of covered software

into a connected vehicle that is imported, manufactured,

sold, resold, or introduced into interstate commerce into the

United States is prohibited if—

(A) the connected vehicle into which the covered software

is integrated was manufactured for model year 2027 or later;

and

(B)(i) the covered software is designed, developed, or

manufactured in, or supplied from, a covered country; or

(ii) the manufacturer, developer, designer, or supplier of

the software is a foreign entity of concern.

(3) Vehicle connectivity system hardware.—

(A) In general.—On and after January 1, 2030, the

integration of any vehicle connectivity system hardware into

a connected vehicle that is imported, manufactured, sold,

resold, or introduced into interstate commerce into the

United States is prohibited if—

(i) the hardware is manufactured in, or supplied from, a

covered country; or

(ii) the manufacturer or supplier of the hardware is a

foreign entity of concern.

(B) Repair and warranty.—The prohibition under

subparagraph (A) shall not apply to vehicle connectivity

system hardware that is—

(i) integrated into a vehicle that is manufactured for a

model year before model year 2030; or

(ii) imported, manufactured, sold, resold, or introduced

into interstate commerce in the United States for the purpose

of repair, or under warranty, for a connected vehicle of a

model year before model year 2030.

(4) Additional items.—Subject to an applicable ruling or

advisory opinion issued under subsection (d), a prohibition

under paragraph

(1), (2), or (3) applies with respect to a connected vehicle,

covered software, or vehicle connectivity system hardware, as

the case may be, that is renamed, rebranded, restructured, or

altered to circumvent the prohibition.

(5) Exception.—The prohibitions under paragraphs (1), (2),

and (3) shall not apply to the importation, manufacture,

sale, resale, or introduction into interstate commerce in the

United States of a connected vehicle, covered software, or

vehicle connectivity system hardware, as the case may be, for

the sole purpose of testing and evaluation if—

(A) in the case of a connected vehicle, the vehicle is not

intended to be driven on public roads; or

(B) in the case of a connected vehicle, covered software,

or vehicle connectivity system hardware, the testing or

evaluation is by an entity that—

(i) is organized under the laws of a State in the United

States;

(ii) does not have its principal place of business in a

covered country; and

(iii) is not a foreign entity of concern.

(b) Related Transactions.—

(1) In general.—The Secretary shall prescribe regulations,

pursuant to section 553 of title 5, United States Code, to

prohibit any specific transaction relating to connected

vehicles, including the importation, sale, distribution,

integration, or use of a connected vehicle, covered software,

or vehicle connectivity system hardware, that the Secretary

determines poses an undue or unacceptable threat to the

economic or national security of the United States.

(2) Notice.—If the Secretary prohibits a transaction under

paragraph (1), the Secretary shall deliver, by certified

United States mail, to the parties to the transaction a

notice of the prohibition that includes an identification, by

name, of the specific vehicle, software, or hardware that the

Secretary determines poses an undue or unacceptable threat to

the economic or national security of the United States.

(1) Issuance.—

(A) In general.—The Secretary, in consultation with the

Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Transportation, the

Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Energy, may issue a

general or specific authorization for the importation,

manufacture, sale, resale, or introduction into interstate

commerce in the United States of a connected vehicle, covered

software, or vehicle connectivity system hardware that would

otherwise be subject to a prohibition under subsection (a)

if—

(i) the Secretary determines, based on clear and convincing

evidence and a written risk assessment, that the importation,

manufacture, sale, resale, or introduction of the vehicle,

software, or hardware does not pose, and is not reasonably

likely to pose—

(I) an undue risk of data exfiltration from, or remote

manipulation or operation of, a connected vehicle;

(II) a risk to critical infrastructure or the integrity of

the industrial base of the United States; or

(III) any other risk to the national security of the United

States;

(ii) not less than 60 days before the authorization takes

effect, the Secretary submits to Congress a detailed written

notification that—

(I) includes the determination under clause (i) and

underlying analysis, including the written risk assessment;

and

(II) redacts intellectual property and other sensitive

proprietary information; and

(iii) during the 60-day period described in clause (ii),

there is not enacted into law a joint resolution of

disapproval with respect to the authorization for the

vehicle, software, or hardware.

(B) Specific authorizations.—A specific authorization

issued under subparagraph (A) shall be in effect for an

initial one-year period and may be extended if the Secretary

determines appropriate.

authorizations.—

(i) Continued validity of existing authorizations.—Except

as provided by clause (ii), any general or specific

authorization issued under subpart D of part 791 of title 15,

Code of Federal Regulations, before the date of the enactment

of this Act, shall remain in effect until January 1, 2030,

unless modified, suspended or revoked under clause (ii).

(ii) Modification or revocation of general or specific

authorizations.—The Secretary may, at any time, modify,

suspend, or revoke a general or specific authorization

described in clause (i) if the Secretary—

(I) determines that the authorization no longer satisfies

the requirements of subparagraph (A)(i); and

(II) provides the public with an opportunity to comment

before modifying, suspending, or revoking the authorization.

(iii) Publication required.—Not later than January 1,

2027, the Secretary shall publish a list of all general or

specific authorizations issued under subpart D of part 791 of

title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, before the date of the

enactment of this Act.

(2) Publication of list of authorized vehicles, software,

and hardware.—

(A) In general.—The Secretary shall, pursuant to section

553 of title 5, United States Code, publish and maintain a

list of the connected vehicles, covered software, and vehicle

connectivity system hardware the importation, manufacture,

sale, resale, or introduction into interstate commerce in the

United States of which is authorized under paragraph (1)(A).

(B) Initial list.—The initial list required by

subparagraph (A) shall be published not later than January 1,

(i) In general.—To the extent possible, the Secretary

shall include, in the list required by subparagraph (A), the

manufacturer and product name for the connected vehicles,

covered software, and vehicle connectivity system hardware on

the list.

(ii) Risk assessment.—To the extent possible, the

Secretary shall include, in the list required by subparagraph

(A), a detailed explanation about why the connected vehicles,

covered software, and vehicle connectivity system hardware on

the list do not pose an undue risk described in paragraph

(1)(A)(i).

(D) Protection of intellectual property.—The Secretary

shall establish a robust process to redact intellectual

property and other sensitive information from publication in

the list required by subparagraph (A).

(3) Requests for authorization.—Not later than January 1,

2027, the Secretary shall establish a procedure pursuant to

which an importer, manufacturer, supplier, or seller or

reseller may seek the authorization under paragraph (1) of

the importation, manufacture, sale, resale, or introduction

into interstate commerce in the United States of connected

vehicles, covered software, or vehicle connectivity system

hardware that would otherwise be subject to a prohibition

under subsection (a).

(d) Rulings and Advisory Opinions.—

(1) In general.—Not later than January 1, 2027, the

Secretary shall establish a procedure pursuant to which an

importer, manufacturer, or seller or reseller may seek a

binding ruling or advisory opinion with respect to whether—

(A) the importation, manufacture, sale, resale, or

introduction into interstate commerce in the United States of

a connected vehicle, covered software, or vehicle

connectivity system hardware is or is not prohibited under

this section; or

(B) a connected vehicle, covered software, or vehicle

connectivity system hardware has been renamed, rebranded,

restructured, or altered to circumvent the prohibitions under

subsection (a).

(2) Timing.—The Secretary shall issue a ruling or advisory

opinion under paragraph (1) with respect to a connected

vehicle, covered software, or vehicle connectivity system

hardware not later than 45 days after receiving an

application supported by a reasonably clear description of

the vehicle, software, or hardware, as the case may be.

(3) Publication.—

(A) In general.—The Secretary shall—

(i) publish a list of all connected vehicles, covered

software, and vehicle connectivity system hardware for which

the Secretary has issued rulings and advisory opinions under

paragraph (1); and

(ii) update that list not less frequently than annually.

(B) Prohibition on publication of identifying

information.—The Secretary shall not publish the name of, or

other information that might reasonably identify, the party

that requested the ruling or advisory opinion.

(4) Continued validity of existing rulings and opinions.—

Except as provided by paragraph (5), a ruling or advisory

opinion issued under this subsection or subpart D of part 791

of title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, before January 1,

2027, shall remain in effect.

(5) Modification or revocation.—The Secretary may modify,

suspend, or revoke any binding ruling or advisory opinion

issued under paragraph (1) or subpart D of part 791 of title

15, Code of Federal Regulations, at any time if the Secretary

determines that the circumstances that led to the ruling or

opinion have changed.

(e) Declaration of Conformity.—The Secretary shall

establish a process under which a person that imports,

manufactures, sells, resells, or introduces into interstate

commerce in the United States a connected vehicle, covered

software, or vehicle connectivity system hardware is required

to submit a declaration, to be known as a “declaration of

conformity”, to the Secretary before importing,

manufacturing, selling, reselling, or introducing the

vehicle, software, or hardware that certifies that the

vehicle, software, or hardware is not subject to a

prohibition under subsection (a).

(f) Civil Penalties.—

(1) In general.—Except as provided by paragraph (3), the

Secretary shall assess a civil penalty for each transaction

that is a violation of a prohibition under subsection (a) in

an amount that is not less than the greater of—

(A) $1,500,000; or

(B) five times the value of the transaction.

(2) Continuing violations.—In the case of a violation that

occurs on more than one day, each day on which the violation

continues shall be treated as a separate violation.

(3) Exception.—A civil penalty shall not apply under

paragraph (1) in a case in which an individual transports a

vehicle into the United States in violation of a prohibition

under subsection (a) if—

(A) the vehicle is owned or leased by the individual for

personal use; and

(B) the individual does not know that the vehicle, or

covered software or vehicle connectivity system hardware

integrated

into the vehicle, is subject to the prohibition.

(g) Classified Information.—The Secretary may rely on

classified information in carrying out this section, which

may be submitted to a reviewing court ex parte and in camera.

(h) Petitions for Review.—The filing in a court of a

petition for review shall not stay the effectiveness of any

action under this section unless ordered by the court.

SEC. 1704. USE OF EXISTING ADVISORY BODIES; INTERAGENCY

COORDINATION.

(a) Use of Existing Advisory Bodies.—

(1) In general.—In carrying out this title, the Secretary

may consult, as appropriate, with existing advisory

committees of the Department of Transportation and other

relevant Federal agencies on matters relating to connected

vehicles and associated national security risks.

(2) Scope of consultation.—Consultation under paragraph

(1) may include consideration of—

(A) risks relating to data security, cybersecurity, and

supply chain integrity associated with connected vehicles;

(B) the effectiveness of authorities and regulations issued

under this title;

connected vehicle ecosystems; and

(D) recommendations made to the Secretary with respect to

regulatory, enforcement, and policy measures to mitigate

risks described in subparagraph (A).

(b) Interagency Coordination.—In carrying out this title,

the Secretary may consult and coordinate, as appropriate,

with the Federal Communications Commission and other relevant

Federal agencies to ensure alignment with respect to the

scope, timeline, and implementation of any prohibitions or

restrictions issued under this title, including to avoid

duplicative, inconsistent, or conflicting regulatory

requirements.

SEC. 1705. REPORTS.

Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of

this Act, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit

to Congress a report—

(1) describing activities carried out to enforce the

prohibitions under section 1703, including enforcement

actions taken and resources utilized;

(2) providing a detailed accounting of connected vehicles,

covered software, and vehicle connectivity system hardware

covered by such prohibitions during the 1-year period

preceding submission of the report;

(3) explaining any exclusions, exemptions, authorizations,

or determinations made by the Secretary, including the

rationale and criteria applied;

(4) assessing the effectiveness of such prohibitions in

decreasing the threats to the economic and national security

of the United States posed by connected vehicles;

(5) including metrics on enforcement, compliance rates,

violations identified, penalties assessed, and any identified

gaps or challenges; and

(6) making recommendations with respect to further

decreasing such threats.

SEC. 1706. REPORT ON AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCY AND

SECURITY.

(a) In General.—Not later than 18 months after the date of

the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to

Congress a report assessing the resilience and security of

supply chains critical to the United States automotive

sector.

(b) Elements.—The report required by subsection (a) shall,

at a minimum—

(1) identify the segments, materials, components, and

technologies within the automotive supply chain that are most

dependent on a covered country;

(2) assess the extent to which the dependencies identified

under paragraph (1) pose significant risk to the economic or

national security of the United States; and

(3) recommend specific policies and measures to support the

development and expansion of supply chains outside of covered

countries for the dependencies identified under paragraph (2)

that pose the most significant risk to the economic or

national security of the United States.

components, and technologies within the automotive supply

chain under subsection (b)(1), the Secretary shall consider,

at a minimum—

(1) safety equipment;

(2) hardware or software that enables the transmission,

receipt, conversion, or processing of automotive sensing

(such as LiDAR, radar, video, or ultrawideband);

(3) electric vehicle batteries;

(4) smart glass, antenna glass, and other electronically

controlled automotive glass that directly enables the

transmission, receipt, conversion, or processing of radio

frequency communications; and

(5) any other segments, materials, components,

technologies, hardware, or software identified by the

Department of Commerce for consideration during the process

of promulgating subpart D of part 791 of title 15, Code of

Federal Regulations.

SEC. 1707. REGULATIONS.

Not later than December 31, 2028, the Secretary shall issue

final regulations establishing prohibitions and requirements

applicable to connected vehicles with a gross vehicle weight

rating greater than 4,536 kilograms (10,000 pounds),

consistent with the authorities and requirements under this

title. Such prohibitions and requirements shall take effect

not later than December 31, 2032.

SEC. 1708. SEVERABILITY; REGULATORY CONTINUITY.

(a) Severability.—If any provision of this title, or the

application of any such provision to any person or

circumstance, is held to be invalid, the remainder of this

title, and the application of the remaining provisions to any

person or circumstance, shall not be affected.

(b) Restoration of Prior Regulations.—If a court of

competent jurisdiction enters a final judgment holding

invalid or unenforceable a provision of this title and

supersedes regulations prescribed to carry out section 1703,

the Secretary may, notwithstanding any other provision of

this title, reissue or reinstate, in whole or in part, any

similar regulations that were in effect on the day before the

date of the enactment of this title.

SEC. 1709. INTERACTION WITH REGULATIONS.

(a) Rule of Construction.—Nothing in this title shall be

construed to prohibit, limit, or otherwise affect the

authority of the Secretary of Commerce to implement or

administer subpart D of part 791 of title 15, Code of Federal

Regulations, as added by the final rule of the Bureau of

Industry and Security entitled “Securing the Information and

Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain:

Connected Vehicles” (90 Fed. Reg. 5360).

(b) Delayed Implementation for Hardware Not Covered by

Regulations.—In the case of vehicle connectivity system

hardware that is subject to a prohibition under section

1703(a)(3) and is not subject to subpart D of part 791 of

title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on the

day before the date of the enactment of this Act, the

Secretary shall implement the prohibition with respect to

such hardware incorporated into connected vehicles of a model

year later than model year 2031 and earlier than model year

Existing United States Manufacturers and Operators.—The

prohibition under section 4(a)(1) shall not apply with

respect to a connected vehicle of a model year before model

year 2030 that is manufactured, purchased pursuant to a

master services agreement or other similar contract executed

before the date of the enactment of this Act, or operated in

a commercial fleet, by an entity that—

(1) is selling passenger vehicles or operating a commercial

fleet of passenger vehicles in the United States as of the

date of the enactment of this Act; and

(2) has been manufacturing passenger vehicles or operating

a commercial fleet of passenger vehicles in the United States

for not less than 5 years before such date of enactment.

(d) Treatment of Prior Exclusions.—

(1) In general.—Subject to paragraph (2), any exclusion or

exception to a prohibition or definition under subpart D of

part 791 of title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, as in

effect on the day before the date of the enactment of this

Act, shall remain valid and shall apply to the prohibitions

under section 1703(a).

(2) Rulemaking.—Beginning January 1, 2030, the Secretary

shall conduct a rulemaking, pursuant to section 553 of title

5, United States Code, to determine whether exclusions or

exceptions described in paragraph (1) should be continued,

modified, or terminated for the purposes of this title.

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