Summary

Limits federal district courts’ power to issue injunctive relief that binds nonparties or has nationwide effect, allowing injunctions only when they bind the case’s parties or nonparties represented in a representative capacity. Creates a special exception for suits brought by two or more States in different circuits: those cases are sent to a randomly selected three‑judge panel that may issue broader injunctions and whose injunctive orders may be appealed either to the relevant circuit court or directly to the Supreme Court at the choosing party’s option.

• Stops federal district courts from issuing injunctions that bind nonparties or have nationwide effect, except in limited representative‑capacity cases.
• Creates a three‑judge panel process for lawsuits by two or more States in different circuits challenging executive action.
• Three‑judge panels are chosen at random rather than by circuit chief judge selection.
• Three‑judge panels may issue broader injunctions but must consider justice, irreparable harm to nonparties, and separation of powers.
• Allows parties in three‑judge panel cases to choose to appeal injunctive rulings to either the local circuit court or the Supreme Court.
• Changes federal civil procedure regarding injunctive relief without authorizing new spending or programs.
• Likely reduces availability of nationwide injunctions issued by single district courts.
• May shift litigation strategy toward multi‑State suits and appellate forum choice.