States, territories, and local public health agencies: Will be primary applicants and recipients for the overdose-data grants; they can use funds to upgrade toxicology, reporting systems, and link datasets. These changes should improve timeliness and completeness of overdose surveillance but will also require grant application work and possible matching administrative effort. Public health laboratories, medical examiners, and coroners: Likely to receive funding or face new standards for postmortem toxicology and death reporting; may need to upgrade capacity or adopt new data-submission formats. Schools and school districts: Eligible entities can apply for grants to stock drugs/devices and ensure trained personnel are available to treat suspected opioid overdoses; schools will need to prepare applications and meet certification requirements. Wastewater utilities and operators: Municipal wastewater treatment facilities can compete for pilot grants to conduct community-level drug monitoring; this creates a new data source but raises operational, privacy, and analytic considerations for utilities and local officials. ONDCP, HHS, DOJ, and other federal agencies: Required to coordinate more closely, develop national data standards, and reduce redundant funding—this will shift interagency workflows and may change how federal grants are structured and overseen. Harm-reduction providers and community programs: Explicit naming of fentanyl test strips and expanded surveillance/pilot monitoring could strengthen harm-reduction tools and data for targeting interventions; however, guidance on homicide classification of certain overdose deaths could affect coroners and law enforcement interactions with public-health responses. Communities and families affected by substance use: Improved data and pilot monitoring should inform targeted prevention and response efforts, potentially improving access to treatment and emergency response. Costs and funding: The bill authorizes programs but the provided text does not include appropriations; impact depends on future funding decisions. Administrative burden: Applicants (states, schools, wastewater facilities) will face application, reporting, and certification requirements that could be modest to significant depending on current capacity. Privacy and legal concerns: Expanded data linking and wastewater monitoring may raise questions about data privacy, legal protections, and community acceptance; inclusion of guidance on classifying overdoses as homicides could be controversial in some jurisdictions.