((a))

((1)) ** .—** A person that violates any of section 30112, 30115, 30117 through 30122, 30123(a), 30125(c), 30127, 30141 through 30147, or 31137, or a regulation prescribed thereunder, is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $21,000 for each violation. A separate violation occurs for each motor vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment and for each failure or refusal to allow or perform an act required by any of those sections. The maximum penalty under this subsection for a related series of violations is $105,000,000.

((2))

((A)) ** .—** Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the maximum amount of a civil penalty under this paragraph shall be $10,000 in the case of—

((i)) the manufacture, sale, offer for sale, introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce, or importation of a school bus or school bus equipment (as those terms are defined in ) in violation of ; or

((ii)) a violation of .

((B)) ** .—** A separate violation occurs for each motor vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment and for each failure or refusal to allow or perform an act required by that section. The maximum penalty under this paragraph for a related series of violations is $15,000,000.

((3)) ** .—** Except as provided in paragraph (4), a person who violates section 30166 or a regulation prescribed under that section is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty for failing or refusing to allow or perform an act required under that section or regulation. The maximum penalty under this paragraph is $21,000 per violation per day. The maximum penalty under this paragraph for a related series of daily violations is $105,000,000.

((4)) ** .—** A person who knowingly and willfully submits materially false or misleading information to the Secretary, after certifying the same information as accurate under the certification process established pursuant to section 30166(), shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $5,000 per day. The maximum penalty under this paragraph for a related series of daily violations is $1,000,000.

((b)) ** .—**

((1)) The Secretary of Transportation may compromise the amount of a civil penalty imposed under this section.

((2)) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this section from amounts it owes the person liable for the penalty.

((c)) ** .—** In determining the amount of a civil penalty or compromise under this section, the Secretary of Transportation shall consider the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation. Such determination shall include, as appropriate—

((1)) the nature of the defect or noncompliance;

((2)) knowledge by the person charged of its obligations under this chapter;

((3)) the severity of the risk of injury;

((4)) the occurrence or absence of injury;

((5)) the number of motor vehicles or items of motor vehicle equipment distributed with the defect or noncompliance;

((6)) actions taken by the person charged to identify, investigate, or mitigate the condition;

((7)) the appropriateness of such penalty in relation to the size of the business of the person charged, including the potential for undue adverse economic impacts;

((8)) whether the person has been assessed civil penalties under this section during the most recent 5 years; and

((9)) other appropriate factors.

((d)) ** .—** In a civil action brought under this section, a subpena for a witness may be served in any judicial district.