Who is affected and how:

• Federal courts and judges: They will apply the revised statutory text when resolving challenges to agency actions; interpretations of the new wording will guide trial and appellate decisions.
• Federal agencies: Agencies that adopt rules, issue orders, or take other administrative actions may face different legal standards or review processes depending on the new subsection language; this can change litigation risk and compliance behavior.
• Administrative law practitioners and attorneys: Lawyers who bring or defend APA challenges must adapt to the rewritten statutory language and its case-law trajectory.
• Regulated entities and members of the public: Companies, nonprofits, state/local governments, and individuals who challenge or are subject to agency decisions may see differences in how readily courts grant relief, vacate rules, or require agency reconsideration, depending on how the replacements alter standards of review.
• Administrative law judges and agency adjudicators: If the amendments change procedural or review standards, ALJs and internal agency processes may be indirectly affected through changes in external review outcomes.

Overall impact: The amendment is limited to statutory text changes; it does not create a new program or allocate funds. The substantive reach—narrow or broad—turns on the content of the new subsections (b) and (c) and on how courts interpret those changes. Short-term fiscal impacts are likely minimal; legal and procedural impacts on litigation and administrative practice could be significant if the new wording alters review standards.