Creates new rules for Supreme Court membership and retirement: it requires the President to nominate (and the Senate to appoint) one Justice in the first and third years after a presidential election, deems Justices retired after 18 years of service, and establishes an automatic appointment if the Senate fails to act on a nomination within 120 days. It also creates a new "Senior Justice" status for retired Justices who can be assigned work and sets rules for filling vacancies using Senior Justices until new appointments are confirmed.

The bill changes retirement and disability rules in Title 28, limits which Justices hear cases, sets an 18-year active-service cap (with limited disability exceptions), and defines how recently retired Justices are used temporarily to fill Court vacancies.